Lymphatic malformations
A lymphatic malformation is a mass in the head or neck
that results from an abnormal formation of lymphatic vessels. Other names for
these malformations are lymphangiomas or cystic hygromas. Lymphatic vessels are
small canals that lie near blood vessels and help carry tissue fluids from
within the body to the lymph nodes and back to the bloodstream.
Nearly all these malformations occur in the neck although some can occur in
the mouth, cheek, and tissues surrounding the ear, as well as other parts of the
body. Over half of lymphatic malformations are congenital (present at birth),
and most are detected by age 2. Some lymphatic malformations can spread into
surrounding tissues and affect the proper development of the area. Lymphatic
malformations may also enlarge and become infected following an upper
respiratory infection.
Lymphatic malformations are sometimes seen in children with certain
chromosome abnormalities and genetic conditions, including Down syndrome and
Turner syndrome.
What causes a lymphatic malformation?
A lymphatic malformation is a
congenital (present from birth) defect that occurs during early embryonic
development when the lymphatic vessels do not properly form. The vessels may
become blocked and enlarged as lymphatic fluid collects in the vessels, forming
a mass or a cyst.
Symptoms
An internal lymphatic malformation in
the mouth or cheek may not be noticed until it becomes infected and enlarges.
Cystic hygromas can grow very large and may affect breathing and swallowing.
The following are the most common symptoms of a lymphatic malformation.
However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
- A mass or lump in the mouth, cheek, or tongue beneath the mucous membrane
that lines the area
- A large, fluid-filled mass to the lower side and back of the neck under
the platysma muscle (a thin, flat muscle that extends from the upper chest to
the jaw)
The symptoms of a lymphatic malformation may resemble other neck masses or
medical problems. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.